1. INTRODUCTION:

Groundwater is regarded as pure form of water. Various physicochemical parameters have a significant role in determining portability of water [1,2,3,4]. Water intended for human utilization must be free from harmful toxic substances, excessive amount of minerals and organic matter. Groundwater is less susceptible to bacterial pollution than surface water because the soil and rocks through which groundwater flows screen out most of the bacteria. As per World Health Organization (WHO), safe and wholesome drinking water is a basic need for human development, health and well-being, and it is an internationally accepted human right. Due to continuous population growth, demand for fresh water has increased rapidly. Dumping of wastes near road sides, flood due to heavy rains, improper waste management in hospitals, markets, flats etc. increases the pollution of groundwater [1,5].

Various research groups have analyzed the groundwater quality at different locations of Tamil Nadu and the results are published; from the results, we can identify water quality of Tamil Nadu [2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Furthermore the Previous studies show that, groundwater resources in Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam are at a higher risk of environmental pollution and are susceptible to contamination [7,8,9,10,11,12]. Chemical contamination is one of the prominent problems associated with groundwater [5,13,14,17,18].

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2. 1. Study area:

Thanjavur is located at 11⁰ 38^’ N and 75⁰ 45^’ E latitude and Nagapattinam is located at 10. 766 (latitude) and 79. 741 (longitude). The Fig – 1 showed the location of the groundwater samples collected from few parts of Thanjavur and Nagapattinam district and table – 1 are given about sampling points of Thanjavur and Nagapattinam district.

Table - 1: Sampling points of Thanjavur and Nagapattinam region.

Sampling point in Nagapattinam	Sampling Number	Sampling point in Thanjavur	Sampling Number
Kilvalur	S1	Saliamangalam	S1
Devoor	S2	East Korugapattu	S2
Kurukathi	S3	Sadayarkovil	S3
Serunallur	S4	Panayakottai	S4
V. O. C Nagar	S5	Kambarnatham	S5

Table - 2 Methods used for estimation of various physicochemical parameters.

Parameters	Methods [13]
Colour	Platinum - Cobalt method
Odour	Olfactory method
Taste	Taste rating method
Turbidity	Nephelometric method
Total dissolved solids	Gravimetric method
Electrical conductivity	Conductometric method
pH	pH Metric
Total Alkalinity	Titrimetric method
Chloride	Argento metric method
Sulphate	Turbidity method
Calcium	EDTA Titrimetric method
Magnesium	EDTA Titrimetric method
Manganese	Colour comparison method
Nitrate	Chromotropic acid method
Nitrite	Spectro photometric method
Iron	Spectro photometric method
Residual chlorine	Titration Method

2. 2. Methodology:

Water samples were collected using previously sterilized poly propylene plastic bottles with cap. The samples were kept in the refrigerator. Further the collected groundwater samples quality is analyzed using following Indian Standard methods [5, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The water samples were collected from various parts of Thanjavur and Nagapattinam region and were analyzed the physicochemical parameters using Indian standard methods. The results were compared with BIS drinking water quality guideline and the detailed physicochemical parameters are reported in the Table- 3 and Table- 4.

Table - 3: Physical parameters of Collected Groundwater samples

Parameters	Nagapattinam Region					Thanjavur Region					BIS Limit
Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	BIS Limit
Colour	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear	Clear
Odour	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less	Odour less
Turbidity	1	1	1	1	1	0.9	0.3	0.8	0.5	0.9	1 NTU
EC -mho/cm	1780	3400	1510	4000	2900	670	540	410	720	1000	250
TDS	1200	1950	1030	3000	1810	296	266	228	320	304	500

Table - 4: Chemical parameters of Collected Groundwater samples

Parameters	Nagapattinam Region					Thanjavur Region					BIS Limit
Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	BIS Limit
pH	6.8	7.2	7.1	7.2	7.1	7.48	6.86	8.16	7.1	7.18	6.5 - 8.5
Total Alkalinity	340	552	368	744	352	116	78	84	152	90	200 mg/l
Chloride	340	740	230	830	630	82	79	36	71	73	200 mg/l
Residual chlorine	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	0.2 mg/l
Sulphate	44	47	75	90	120	3.2	5	3.75	3.64	6	200 mg/l
Calcium	152	160	108	160	152	71	64.5	71.3	73.3	71	75 mg/l
Magnesium	60	34	67	96	84	3.4	3.65	7.05	8.03	1.4	30 mg/l
Manganese	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.1 mg/l
Nitrate	6	18	18	180	70	0.27	0.25	0.274	0.27	0.26	45 mg/l
Nitrite	0	0	0	0.30	0.30	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.0006	0.004	0,02 mg/l
Iron	0.53	0	0	0	152	0.045	0.17	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.3 mg/l

3.1. Colour, Odour:

Entire collected groundwater samples of both regions were colour less and odour less in nature.

3.2. Turbidity:

Turbidity in water is caused by clay, organic matter, phytoplankton etc., and the turbidity of collected groundwater samples has below the BIS desirable limit (See: Table- 3).

3.3. Electrical Conductivity (EC):

Electrical Conductivity is depending upon the total numbers of ions of the water sample which act as conducting medium. The electrical conductivity of collected Thanjavur region water samples lies below the BIS desirable limit but In Nagapattinam region water samples had higher electrical conductivity compare then BIS desirable limit (See: Table – 3).

3.4. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS):

Total Dissolved Solids is the total amount of charged ions in one liter of water; The collected groundwater samples of Nagapattinam region had more TDS compare than Thanjavur Region water samples.

The data values are given in table 3 and shown in fig - 2. From the result we can identify, in Nagapattinam region people could affect the gastro intestinal irritation, because N. Mani and Co – worker is reported, If the TDS of drinking water is more than 2000 mg/l, would result to affect gastro intestinal irritation to human beings [6,7,8,21,21,23,25].

3.5. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH):

pH is -log [H] ion concentration; pH help to determine acidity and alkalinity of water samples. In both region the collected groundwater samples pH is presented within BIS desirable limit (6.5 to 8.5). The data values are in table 4 (See: fig – 3).

3.6. Alkalinity:

Alkalinity in water is due to the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides. Bicarbonates are the major contributors since they are included from the basic materials in the soil [6,24,26,28].

In my study result, alkalinity of Thanjavur region groundwater samples lies below the BIS desirable limit (200mg/l), but in Nagapattinam region had more concentration of alkalinity (See: Table – 4 and Fig – 4). From the report we can identify the water samples of both regions will cause abdomen irritation and also reduce the crop yield.

3.7. Chloride (Cl^-):

Discharge of domestic sewage is the main source of chloride in water [7,27,29,30]. In Nagapattinam all the collected water samples has more concentration of chloride compare than BIS value. The value of chloride in Nagapattinam region range from 830 to 230mg/l but in Thanjavur region water samples chloride lies below the BIS limit (See: Fig – 5 and Table - 4).

3.8. Sulphate (SO₄^2-):

The drainage wastes are the main source of high sulphate concentration in water. From my studies report the collected water samples in both region sulphate content lies below the BIS limit value (200mg/l)

3.9. Calicum (Ca²⁺) and Magnesium (Mg²⁺):

The main source of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ is calcium and magnesium of carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride compounds. The collected water samples of calcium and magnesium in Thanjavur is low but in Nagapattinam region had more compare than BIS drinking water quality guideline. The data values are given in table – 4 (See: Fig - 6 and 7).

3.10. Residual chlorine (Cl) and Manganese (Mn²⁺):

The residual chlorine and manganese is absent in both collected water samples of Nagapattinam and Thanjavur region.

3.11. Nitrate (NO₃^-) and Nitrite (NO₂^-):

The nitrate and nitrite of collected groundwater samples in both region had low concentration compare than BIS limit but in Nagapattinam region groundwater sample number S4 and S5 has more quantity of nitrite presented; The data value are present in table number 4.

3.12. Iron (Fe³⁺):

In both regions the collected groundwater samples of iron content lies below the BIS desirable limit except the groundwater sample number S1 and S5 in Nagapattinam region.

Fig -2: TDS variation of water samples

Fig -3: pH variation of collected groundwater samples

Fig -4: Alkalinity variation of water samples

Fig -5: Chloride variation of water samples

Fig -6: Calcium variation of water samples

Fig -7: Magnesium variation of water samples

4. CONCLUSION:

From my research results, we concluded that the water quality of most of the collected groundwater samples in Thanjavur region is suitable for drinking and other purposes because, they have low hardness and TDS but in Nagapattinam region collected water sample is not suitable for drinking purpose because, the physicochemical parameters of collected water samples in Nagapattinam district lies above the BIS desirable limit; Dumping of wastes near road sides, improper waste management in markets, soil nature and nearest in ocean etc. are increases the pollution of groundwater of Nagapattinam region. Hence the Nagapattinam region people must be avoid the above activities for improve the groundwater quality. This paper is help to create awareness about drinking water.

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Received on 26.07.2020 Modified on 24.09.2020

Asian J. Research Chem. 2021; 14(1):42-46.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2021.00007.9